Alo gaes. Asma merupakan penyakit kronis pada saluran pernapasan dan merupakan penyakit genetik, yaitu penyakit yang muncul karena adanya kelainan pada DNA yang diwarisi oleh orang tua atau keluarga. Asma dapat diderita oleh semua golongan usia, mulai dari yang masih muda sampai yang sudah tua sekalipun. Pada anak-anak, gejala penyakit asma dapat menghilang dengan sendirinya saat memasuki usia remaja. Namun jika gejala asma cukup berat, maka kondisinya bisa bertahan atau muncul kembali di masa mendatang.
Saluran pernapasan pada penderita asma lebih sensitif dibandingkan dengan orang normal. Ketika paru-paru terpapar pemicu asma, maka otot-otot di saluran penapasan akan menjadi kaku dan menyempit serta produksi dahak meningkat. Kombinasi kedua kondisi tersebut membuat penderita mengalami gejala asma.
Gejala dan Penyebab Asma
Bagi penderita asma ada beberapa gejala yang dapat mereka alami seperti: sesak pada dada, batuk yang muncul pada malam hari atau dini hari, sesak napas, dan mengi (suara bersiul saat mengeluarkan napas).
Pola kemunculan gejala asma tersebut dapat berbeda-beda bagi setiap penderita asma, tetapi ada pola gejala yang umum yaitu: datang dan pergi seiring waktu atau di hari yang sama, mulai atau makin parah dengan infeksi virus seperti pilek, dipicu oleh olahraga, alergi, udara dingin atau hyperventilasi (karena tertawa atau menangis), lebih buruk di malam hari atau pagi hari.
Meskipun belum diketahui penyebab utama dari penyakit asma, ada beberapa hal yang dapat menyebabkan muncul asma yaitu:
- Debu
- Asap rokok
- Bulu binatang
- Udara dingin
- Infeksi virus
- Aktivitas fisik
- Paparan zat kimia
Jika terkena pemicu di atas biasanya akan memunculkan gejala asma pada penderita asma.
Pengobatan dan Pencegahan Asma
Pengobatan asma bertujuan untuk meredakan gejala dan mencegah kambuhnya gejala pada penderita asma, serta mengurangi pembengkakan dan penyempitan pada saluran pernapasan. Maka dari itu, para penderita asma perlu disiplin menjalani pengobatan dengan dokter agar asma tetap terkendali.
Pengobatan yang diberikan kepada penderita asma biasanya direkomendasikan menggunakan inhaler untuk mengurangi sesak napas atau mencegah munculnya serangan asma kambuh, selain itu nebulasi, penggunaan obat minum atau operasi juga bisa menjadi pengobatan bagi penderita asma.
Konsultasi langsung dengan dokter perlu dilakukan bagi penderita asma selama melakukan pengobatan karena perlunya pengawasan dari dokter untuk menentukan cara pengobatan yang tepat bagi penderita, contohnya penggunaan inhaler pun tidak bisa sembarangan karena terdapat efek samping dari penggunaannya.
Kemudian pencegahan dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi terjadinya gejala asma. Selain melakukan pola hidup sehat ada beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan antara lain:
- Mengenali pemicu gejala asma dan menghindarinya
- Mengikuti anjuran rencana penangan dari dokter
- Menggunakan obat-obatan yang telah dianjurkan dokter secara teratur
- Memonitor kondisi saluran pernapasan
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