Hari Remaja Internasional
Alo Gaess. Hari Remaja Internasional adalah hari dimana UN membuat peringatan tersebut untuk menyebar perhatian pada remaja di kancah lokal maupun global, hari remaja internasional dibuat pada bulan agustus tahun 2000 dan itulah mengapa hari remaja internasional jatuh pada bulan agustus setiap tahunnya. Dirayakan untuk memberikan pemerintah dan lainnya kesempatan untuk menarik perhatian kepada masalah remaja di seluruh dunia. Menurut WHO, remaja adalah penduduk dalam rentang usia 10-19 tahun, menurut peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 25 tahun 2014, remaja adalah penduduk dalam rentang usia 10-18 tahun dan menurut Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana (BKKBN) rentang usia remaja adalah 10-24 tahun dan belum menikah. Jumlah kelompok usia 10-19 tahun di Indonesia menurut Sensus Penduduk 2010 sebanyak 43,5 juta atau sekitar 18% dari jumlah penduduk di dunia diperkirakan kelompok remaja berjumlah 1,2 milyar atau sekitar 18% dari jumlah penduduk dunia (WHO, 2014).
Masa remaja merupakan periode terjadinya pertumbuhan dan pekembangan yang pesat baik secara fisk, psikologis maupun intelektual. Sifat khas remaja mempunyai rasa keingintahuan yang besar, menyukai petualangan dan tantangan serta cenderung berani menanggung resiko atas perbuatannya tanpa didahului oleh pertimbangan yang matang. Apabila keputusan yang diambil dalam menghadapi konflik tidak tepat, mereka akan jatuh ke dalam perilaku beresiko dan mungkin harus menggunakan akibat jangka pendek dan jangka panjang dalam berbagai masalah kesehatan fisik dan psikososial. Komitmen pengakuan dan perlindungan terhadap hak atas anak telah dijamin dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Pasal 28B ayat (2) menyatakan bahwa setiap anak berhak atas kelangsungan hidup, tumbuh dan berkembang serta berhak atas perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi. Peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan anak telah banyak diterbitkan, namun dalam implementasinya di lapangan masih menunjukkan adanya berbagai kekerasan yang menimpa pada anak antara lain adalah bullying.
Bullying (dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal sebagai “penindasan/risak”) merupakan segala bentuk penindasan atau kekerasan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja oleh satu orang atau sekelompok orang yang lebih kuat atau berkuasa terhadap orang lain, dengan tujuan untuk menyakiti dan dilakukan secara terus menerus.
Bullying dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam 6 kategori:
- Kontak fisik langsung
- Tindakan memukul, mendorong, menggigit, menjambak, menendang, mengunci seseorang dalam ruangan, mencubit, mencakar, juga termasuk memeras dan merusak barang yang dimiliki orang lain.
- Kontak verbal langsung
- Tindakan mengancam, mempermalukan, merendahkan, mengganggu, memberi panggilan nama (name-calling), sarkasme, merendahkan (put- downs), mencela/mengejek, mengintimidasi, memaki, menyebarkan gosip.
- Perilaku non-verbal langsung
- Tindakan melihat dengan sinis, menjulurkan lidah, menampilkan ekspresi muka yang merendahkan, mengejek, atau mengancam; biasanya disertai oleh bullying fisik atau verbal.
- Perilaku non-verbal tidak langsung
- Tindakan mendiamkan seseorang, memanipulasi persahabatan sehingga menjadi retak, sengaja mengucilkan atau mengabaikan, mengirimkan surat kaleng.
- Cyber Bullying
- Tindakan menyakiti orang lain dengan sarana media elektronik (rekaman video intimidasi, pencemaran nama baik lewat media sosial)
- Pelecehan seksual
- Kadang tindakan pelecehan dikategorikan perilaku agresi fisik atau verbal.
Dampak bullying dapat mengancam setiap pihak yang terlibat, baik anak- anak yang di-bully, anak-anak yang mem-bully, anak-anak yang menyaksikan bullying, bahkan sekolah dengan isu bullying secara keseluruhan. Bullying dapat membawa pengaruh buruk terhadap kesehatan fisik maupun mental anak. Pada kasus yang berat, bullying dapat menjadi pemicu tindakan yang fatal, seperti bunuh diri dan sebagainya. Dampak dari bullying adalah:
- Dampak bagi korban.
– depresi dan marah
– rendahnya tingkat kehadiran dan rendahnya prestasi akademik siswa
– menurunnya skor tes kecerdasan (IQ) dan kemampuan analisis siswa - Dampak bagi pelaku.
Pelaku memiliki rasa percaya diri yang tinggi dengan harga diri yang tinggi pula, cenderung bersifat agresif dengan perilaku yang pro terhadap kekerasan, tipikal orang berwatak keras, mudah marah dan impulsif, toleransi yang rendah terhadap frustasi. Memiliki kebutuhan kuat untuk mendominasi orang lain dan kurang berempati terhadap targetnya. Dengan melakukan bullying, pelaku akan beranggapan bahwa mereka memiliki kekuasaan terhadap keadaan. Jika dibiarkan terus menerus tanpa intervensi, perilaku bullying ini dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya perilaku lain berupa kekerasan terhadap anak dan perilaku kriminal lainnya. - Dampak bagi siswa lain yang menyaksikan bullying (bystanders).
Jika bullying dibiarkan tanpa tindak lanjut, maka para siswa lain yang menjadi penonton dapat berasumsi bahwa bullying adalah perilaku yang diterima secara sosial. Dalam kondisi ini, beberapa siswa mungkin akan bergabung dengan penindas karena takut menjadi sasaran berikutnya dan beberapa lainnya mungkin hanya akan diam saja tanpa melakukan apapun dan yang paling parah mereka merasa tidak perlu menghentikannya.
Permasalahan
- Anak yang memiliki kontrol diri yang rendah, berpotensi menjadi :
- Pembully karena sebelumnya menjadi korban kekerasan dan menganggap dirinya selalu terancam dan biasanya bertindak menyerang sebelum diserang, tidak memiliki perasaan bertanggung jawab terhadap tindakan yang telah dilakukan, serta selalu ingin mengontrol dan mendominasi dan tidak menghargai orang lain. Mereka melakukan bullying sebagai bentuk balas dendam.
- Korban bully berkaitan dengan ketidakmampuan atau kekurangan korban dari aspek fisik, psikologi sehingga merasa dikucilkan.
- Keluarga permisif terhadap perilaku kekerasan, yang ditunjukkan dengan orangtua yang sering bertengkar dan melakukan tindakan yang agresif, serta tidak mampu memberikan pengasuhan yang baik.
- Teman sebaya yang menjadi supporter/penonton yang secara tidak langsung membantu pembully memperoleh dukungan kuasa, popularitas dan status.
- Sekolah, lingkungan sekolah dan kebijakan sekolah mempengaruhi aktifitas, tingkah laku serta interaksi pelajar di sekolah. Rasa aman dan dihargai merupakan dasar pencapaian akademik yang tinggi di sekolah, jika hal ini tidak dipenuhi maka pelajar akan bertindak mengontrol lingkungan dengan melakukan tingkah laku anti social seperti melakukan bully. Manajemen dan pengawasan disiplin sekolah yang lemah juga mengakibatkan munculnya bullying di sekolah.
- Media massa sering menampilkan adegan kekerasan yang juga mempengaruhi tingkah laku kekerasan anak dan remaja.
Solusi mengatasi permasalahan:
Upaya yang harus dilakukan untuk mengatasi bullying meliputi program pencegahan dan penanganan menggunakan intervensi pemulihan sosial (rehabilitasi).
- Pencegahan
Dilakukan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu, dimulai dari anak, keluarga, sekolah dan masyarakat.
1. Pencegahan melalui anak dengan melakukan pemberdayaan pada anak agar :
- Anak mampu mendeteksi secara dini kemungkinan terjadinya bullying
- Anak mampu melawan ketika terjadi bullying pada dirinya
- Anak mampu memberikan bantuan ketika melihat bullying
terjadi (melerai/mendamaikan, mendukung teman dengan mengembalikan kepercayaan, melaporkan kepada pihak sekolah, orang tua, tokoh masyarakat)
- Pencegahan melalui keluarga, dengan meningkatkan ketahanan keluarga dan memperkuat pola pengasuhan. Antara lain :
- Menanamkan nilai-nilai keagamaan dan mengajarkan cinta kasih antar sesama
- Memberikan lingkungan yang penuh kasih sayang sejak dini dengan memperlihatkan cara berinterakasi antar anggota keluarga.
- Membangun rasa percaya diri anak, memupuk keberanian dan ketegasan anak serta mengembangkan kemampuan anak untuk bersosialiasi
- Mengajarkan etika terhadap sesama (menumbuhkan kepedulian dan sikap menghargai), berikan teguran mendidik jika anak melakukan kesalahan
- Mendampingi anak dalam menyerap informasi utamanya dari media televisi, internet dan media elektronik lainnya.
- Pencegahan melalui sekolah
- Merancang dan membuat desain program pencegahan yang berisikan pesan kepada murid bahwa perilaku bully tidak diterima di sekolah dan membuat kebijakan “anti bullying”.
- Membangun komunikasi efektif antara guru dan murid
- Diskusi dan ceramah mengenai perilaku bully di sekolah
- Menciptakan suasana lingkungan sekolah yang aman, nyaman dan kondusif.
- Menyediakan bantuan kepada murid yang menjadi korban bully.
- Melakukan pertemuan berkala dengan orangtua atau komite sekolah
- Pencegahan melalui masyarakat dengan membangun kelompok masyarakat yang peduli terhadap perlindungan anak dimulai dari tingkat desa/kampung (Perlindungan Anak Terintegrasi Berbasis Masyarakat : PATBM).
- Penanganan menggunakan intervensi pemulihan sosial (rehabilitasi)
Merupakan proses intervensi yang memberikan gambaran yang jelas kepada pembully bahwa tingkah laku bully adalah tingkah laku yang tidak bisa dibiarkan berlaku di sekolah. Pendekatan pemulihan dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan kembali murid yang menjadi korban bullying dan murid yang telah melakukan tindakan agresif (bullying) bersama dengan komunitas murid lainnya ke dalam komunitas sekolah supaya menjadi murid yang mempunyai daya tahan dan menjadi anggota komunitas sekolah yang patuh dan berpegang teguh pada peraturan dan nilai-nilai yang berlaku. Program pendekatan pemulihan sosial ini mempunyai nilai utama yaitu penghormatan, pertimbangan dan partisipasi. Prinsip yang digunakan adalah :
- Mengharapkan yang terbaik dari orang lain
- Bertanggung jawab terhadap tingkah laku dan menghargai perasaan orang lain
- Bertanggung jawab atas apa yang telah dilakukan
- Peduli kepada orang lain
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